Black

Black is the darkest color, the result of the absence of or complete absorption of light. It is the opposite of white (the combined spectrum of color or light). It is an achromatic color, literally a color without color or hue. It is one of the four primary colors in the CMYK color model, along with cyan, yellow, and magenta, used in color printing to produce all the other colors.

Black was one of the first colors used by artists in neolithic cave paintings. In the 14th century, it began to be worn by royalty, the clergy, judges and government officials in much of Europe. It became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century.

In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, and over the centuries it was frequently associated with death, evil, witches and magic. According to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, force, violence, evil, and elegance.

White and Black in chess

In chess, the player who moves first is referred to as "White" and the player who moves second is referred to as "Black". Similarly, the pieces that each conducts are called, respectively, "the white pieces" and "the black pieces". The pieces are often not literally white and black, but some other colors (usually a light color and a dark color, respectively). The 64 squares of the chessboard, which is colored in a checkered pattern, are likewise referred to as "white squares" or "light squares" on the one hand, and "black squares" or "dark squares" on the other. In most cases, the squares are not actually white and black, but a light color and a contrasting dark color. For example, the squares on plastic boards are often off-white ("buff") and green, while those on wood boards are often light brown and dark brown.

In old chess writings, the sides are often called Red and Black, because those were the two colors of ink then commonly available when hand-drawing or printing chess position diagrams.

Black (2004 film)

Black: The Man From Darkness is a 2004 Indian Malayalam crime thriller film written and directed by Ranjith, and produced by Lal. It deals with the underworld operations in Kochi. Mammootty plays the role of Police Constable Karikkamuri Shanmugham, who ironically is a hit man and a contract killer. The film features cinematography by Amal Neerad. The film was a comeback for actor Rahman to Malayalam cinema. The film was a box office hit.

Plot

Black is based on the underground activities in the city of Kochi(Cochin). Shanmughan (Mammooty) plays a Head Police Constable but also a hitman who does his job with perfection. On the top of the underworld, there is a man, Advocate Devin Carlos Padaveedan (Lal). He and Shanmughan are accomplices.

A newly appointed police officer, Ashok (Rahman), tries to clean up the city from the criminals, but fails to do so as he is killed by Padaveedan. Shanmugan is not very happy about the death of Ashok, and creates some indifference between the friends. After Shanmugan finds his own daughter, he wants to live a peaceful life, but the transformation is not acceptable to Padaveedan, and he wants Shanmughan dead.

Forum (Kolkata)

Forum Mall is a shopping mall in the Bhowanipore area of Kolkata, India. It was initially conceived as an office tower; 80% of the foundation was complete before it was converted into a mall. Currently it covers 200,000 square feet of area and has 125,000 square feet of retail area, and was opened to the public with the launch of Shoppers' Stop. Its opening was credited with turning its neighbourhood from a quiet residential area into an upmarket shopping destination. It has been noted for its excellent layout and signage. The mall is constructed and owned by Rahul Saraf, Chairman of SAPL. The Mall also has a branch in Bhubaneswar named Forum Mart.

The tenants are diverse ranging from retail outlets to entertainment multiplex theatres to dining. The mall offers paging services and a dedicated telephone exchange. As of July 2003, the mall had parking space for 175 cars and planned to increase it to 700 cars in 18 months.

References

Forum (shopping centre)

Forum is a shopping centre in Helsinki, Finland, opened in 1985 and located between the streets of Mannerheimintie, Simonkatu, Yrjönkatu and Kalevankatu.

The original Forum building is located in the corner of Mannerheimintie and Simonkatu. The shopping centre has been constantly expanded to also fill other buildings in the city block.

The shopping centre includes an underground parking lot, with connections to the nearby surroundings, including to Stockmann.

As well as numerous businesses, the Forum city block includes the privately owned Amos Anderson art museum and the Forum medical and dental health centre.

Forum is the only privately owned shopping centre in the Finnish capital area. Bilinguality is emphasised in the shopping centre, because it is owned by Finland-Swedish organisations, most notably Föreningen Konstsamfundet, which was founded in 1940 by Amos Anderson. The organisation supports Finland-Swedish culture and publications, and deals out grants, which amount up to 3 million euro per year. This is financed by the rent from the Forum shopping centre building.

Forum 80

Forum 80 refers to a BBS software created in 1980 by Bill Abney of Kansas City (MO) in the US for running a BBS on a Tandy TRS 80 computer. The software, and the name is most notable for being the first BBS in the UK.

The Forum 80 BBS was set up in late 1980/early 1981 in Kingston upon Hull in the north of England by Frederick Brown, a computer enthusiast. It featured in many articles in computer magazines at the time, not just for being the first BBS, but also for Brown's way of treating the delicate computer equipment. It was noted on several occasions that he had removed the covers from the two 5¹⁄₄" that contained the system and that they were under an open window in a shed in his back garden and all the equipment was covered in a layer of cigarette ash.

Frederick Brown later went on to create AFPAS, the Association of Free Public Access Systems, which was set up to bring together sysops and BBS users and became an information service for people to contact for help in accessing UK BBS's. He did this with co-sysop Neil Douglas Barnby, who also went on later to create other BBS systems.